The moderating effect of gender on the contribution of social enterprises to social transformation in Kiambu County, Kenya
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.20525/ijrbs.v10i8.1425Keywords:
Enterpreneurs Gender, Social Enterprise Activities, Social transformation.Abstract
This study sought to establish the moderating effect of social entrepreneurs’ gender on the contribution of social enterprises to social transformation in Kiambu County, Kenya. The study used a descriptive survey design guided by mixed methods research on 322 sampled social enterprises drawn from a target population of 1944 social enterprises distributed across the 12 sub-counties of Kiambu County. Data were collected using survey questionnaires and interview guide instruments. A simple random sampling technique was used to get the proportionate sample for each stratum. In data analysis, both descriptive statistics (mean, percentages, standard deviation and frequencies) and inferential statistics (correlation and regression analysis) were applied. The findings showed the influence of the independent variable on the dependent variable being explained by R of 0.568. The findings also revealed that social entrepreneurs’ gender was likely to have an effect on the relationship between social entrepreneurship and social transformation of R2 = 0.322. By the estimates of the F-test, social entrepreneurship was found to predict social transformation by F (3, 281) = 77.330, p<.05.
Downloads
References
Bansal, S., Garg, I., & Sharma, G. D. (2019). Social entrepreneurship as a path for social change and driver of sustainable development: A systematic review and research agenda. Sustainability, 11(4), p. 1091.
Bencheva, N., Stoeva, T., Terziev, V., Tepavicharova, M., & Arabska, E. (2017). The role of social entrepreneurship for rural development, Agricultural Sciences, 9(21), pp. 89-98. https://doi.org/10.22620/agrisci.2017.21.014
Bertolini, P. (2019). Overview of income and non-income rural poverty in developed countries. Presentation. Retrieved, 5, 2020. https://www.un.org/development/desa/dspd/wp-content/uploads/sites/22/2019/03/bertolini-Overview-rural-poverty-developed-countries-1.pdf
Borzaga, C., & Galera, G. (2012). The concept and practice of social enterprise. Lessons from the Italian Experience. International Review of Social Research, 2(2), pp. 85-102.
Buckmaster, N. (1999). ‘Associations between outcome measurement, accountability and learning for non-profit organizations’, The International Journal of Public Sector Management, 12(2), pp. 186-197.
Cromie S (1987). Motivations of aspiring male and female entrepreneurs. Journal of Organizational Behavior 8(3), 251–261.
Defourny, J., & Nyssens, M. (2012). The EMES approach of social enterprise in a comparative perspective. In EMES conference selected papers. URL: http://dial.academielouvain.be/vital/access/services/ Download/boreal: 114773/PDF_01.
Georgeta, I. (2012). Women entrepreneurship in the current international business environment. Cogito-Multidisciplinary Research Journal, 1, 122–131.
Gherardi, S., & Poggio, B. (2018). Beyond the gender-neutral approach: Gender and entrepreneurship as an intertwined social practice. In Contextual Embeddedness of Women's Entrepreneurship (pp. 272-284). Routledge.
Haugh, H. (2006). ‘‘Social enterprise: beyond economic outcomes and individual returns’’, in Mair, J., Robinson, J. and Hockerts, K. (Eds), Social Entrepreneurship, Macmillan, New York, NY.
Henry, C., Foss, L., & Ahl, H. (2016). Gender and entrepreneurship research: A review of methodological approaches. International Small Business Journal, 34(3), 217-241.
Jilenga Moga(2017), Social Enterprise and Economic Growth: A Theoretical Approach and Policy Recommendations International Journal of Academic Research in Accounting Finance and Management Sciences 7(1) https://doi.org/:10.6007/IJARAFMS/v7-i1/2538
Kikooma, J. (2012). Gender and entrepreneurship in Uganda: Women manoeuvring economic space. In Entrepreneurship-Gender, Geographies and Social Context. IntechOpen.
Kosa, A., Mohammad, I., & Ajibie, D. (2018). Entrepreneurial orientation and venture performance in Ethiopia: the moderating role of business sector and enterprise location. Journal of Global Entrepreneurship Research, 8(1), pp. 1-17.
Linna, P. (2011). Community-level entrepreneurial activities: Case study from rural Kenya. International Journal of Business and Public Management, 14.
Lumpkin, G. T., Moss, T. W., Gras, D. M., Kato, S., & Amezcua, A. S. (2013). Entrepreneurial processes in social contexts: how are they different, if at all? Small Business Economics, 40(3), 761-783.
Madill, J., Brouard, F., & Hebb, T. (2010). Canadian social enterprises: An empirical exploration of social transformation, financial self-sufficiency, and innovation. Journal of Nonprofit and Public Sector Marketing, 22(2), pp. 135–151.
Mair, J., & Noboa, E. (2006). Social entrepreneurship: how intentions to create a social venture are formed?, In Mair, J., Robinson, J. and Hockerts, K. (Eds), Social Entrepreneurship, Macmillan: New York.
Malunga, P., Iwu, C. G., & Mugobo, V. V. (2014). Social Entrepreneurs and Community Development. A Literature Analysis, Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences, 5(16), pp. 18-26.
Marlow, S. (2002). Self-employed women: A part of or apart from feminist theory? International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation, 2(2), 83–91.
Martin, R., & Osberg, S. (2007). Social entrepreneurship: the case for definition, Stanford Social Innovation Review, available at: www.skollfoundation.org/media/skoll_docs/2007SP_feature_martinosberg.pdf.
Mungai, E. N., & Ogot, M. (2012). Gender, culture and entrepreneurship in Kenya, International Business Research, 5(5), 175-183.
Nicholls, A. (2010). The legitimacy of social entrepreneurship: Reflexive isomorphism in a pre–paradigmatic field. Entrepreneurship theory and practice, 34(4), pp. 611-633.
Okello, D. (2020). Gender effect of entrepreneurial orientation on dairy farming career resilience in Kenya. Cogent Food & Agriculture, 6(1), 1863565, https://doi.org/10.1080/23311932.2020.1863565
Palalic, R., Ramadani, V., & Dana, L. P. (2017). Entrepreneurship in Bosnia and Herzegovina: focus on gender. European Business Review.
Pines, A.M., Lerner, M. & Schwartz, D. (2010). Gender differences in entrepreneurship, Equality, Diversity and Inclusion: An International Journal, 29(2), pp. 186-198.
Praszkier, R., & Nowak, A. (2011). Social entrepreneurship: Theory and practice. Cambridge University Press.
Quaye, D., Acheampong, G., & Asiedu, M. (2015). Gender differences in entrepreneurial orientation: Evidence from Ghana. European Journal of Business and Management, 7(12), 128-140.
Sarfaraz et al. (2014). The relationship between women entrepreneurship and gender equality. Journal of Global Entrepreneurship Research, 2(6), https://doi.org/10.1186/2251-7316-2-6
Teasdale, S., McKay, S., Phillimore, J., & Teasdale, N. (2011). Exploring gender and social entrepreneurship: women's leadership, employment and participation in the third sector and social enterprises. Voluntary sector review, 2(1), 57-76.
Vickers, I. (2010). Social enterprise and the environment: a review of the literature. Third Sector Research Centre Working Paper, 22.
Young, R. (2006). For what it is worth: social value and the future of social entrepreneurship, In Nicholls, A. (Ed.), Social Entrepreneurship: New Models of Sustainable Social Change, Oxford University Press, New York, NY.
Yunus, M. (2010). Building Social Business – The New Kind of Capitalism That Serves Humanity’s Most Pressing Needs. Public Affairs, New York.
Zahra, S. A., & Wright, M. (2016). Understanding the social role of entrepreneurship. Journal of Management Studies, 53(4), 610-629.
Zappalà, G., & Lyons, M. (2009). Recent approaches to measuring social impact in the Third sector: An overview. The Center for Social Impact, CSI background paper no. 5
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2021 Daniel M Kitonga

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
For all articles published in IJRBS, copyright is retained by the authors. Articles are licensed under an open access Creative Commons CC BY 4.0 license, meaning that anyone may download and read the paper for free. In addition, the article may be reused and quoted provided that the original published version is cited. These conditions allow for maximum use and exposure of the work, while ensuring that the authors receive proper credit.